Description: Excess ratio refers to the calculation of expected losses in excess of some stated limit. This paper suggests methods for calculating excess ratios in the practical situation without the laborious calculations which the techniques of Dr. Kahn's paper, 'An Introduction to Collective Risk Theory and Its Application to Stop Loss Reinsurance,' would seem to require, and as an alternative to the Monte Carlo simulation technique which would also seem to be impractical to use on a case by case basis in experience rating.

Description: This paper investigates how the concepts of asset-liability matching can be used to shape investment strategy. From Transactions of Society of Actuaries 1980, Vol. 32.

Description: This paper illustrates a procedure for analyzing the sources of profit under FAS 97 and suggests an analytical procedure for reflecting actual experience and revised future assumptions in the recalculation of the estimated gross profit defined by FAS 97.

Description: This panel discussion is divided into two topics, Valuation of Stockholder Equity and Advantages of a Merger or an Acquisition. From Transactions of Society of Actuaries 1969, Vol. 21, Pt. 2, No. 59 AB.

Description: This paper examines provisions for the termination of pension plans. From Transactions of Society of Actuaries 1955, Vol .7, No. 17.

Description: The report begins with Tan's paper Source-of-Earnings Analysis under FAS97 Universal Life Accounting that defines a procedure for analyzing the sources of profit. This paper extends the analysis to consider the effect of actual experience varying from expected and the effect of those variances on assumptions for the future. Also the paper illustrates examples of the effect of changing future assumptions or unlocking on the magnitude and incidence of profits and amortization. A discussion of the paper follows. From Transactions of Society of Actuaries 1990, Vol. 42.

Description: In this paper, the long-term funding consequences of negotiated improvements in pension plans are examined. Particular emphasis is placed on the effects on both contribution rates and the overall funding position of the plan of such things as benefit increases to retirees, reductions in the average retirement age, economic events that affect the size of the active work force, and the interplay between the increases in pay and benefit rates and the other valuation assumptions. A simulation model is used to uncover the influence of each variable. From Transactions of Society of Actuaries 1981, Vol. 33.

Description: The paper analyzes recent individual annuity mortality experience, derives comparative annual mortality improvement rates and, in particular, examines in detail the 1976-86 experience in the most recent Report of the Individual Annuity Experience Committee. From Transactions of Society of Actuaries 1995, Vol. 47.

Description: This paper analyzed the deficit risk that an insurer assumes when a group insurance contract is subject to a retrospective experience-rating arrangement. In this paper, a method for quantifying the deficit risk and determining explicitly an appropriate risk charge level is developed.

Description: This paper presents a method involving re-sampling 'with replacement but without random numbers', numerical convolutions for sums and quotients, and estimation of confidence intervals for trend in average size claim. In this paper, this method is applied to major medical claims.